Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography Practice Exam 2025 – The Comprehensive All-in-One Study Guide for Exam Success

Environmental determinism posits that geographical factors, such as climate, terrain, and natural resources, primarily shape human behavior and societal development. This perspective emerged in the early to mid-20th century and suggests that the physical environment dictates the ways in which people live, including their social structures, economic systems, and cultural practices. Proponents of environmental determinism argue that different environments lead to different capabilities and lifestyles, thereby influencing how societies evolve.

For instance, a society's agricultural practices are heavily influenced by the climate and fertility of the land; communities in arid regions must adapt differently compared to those in fertile valleys. Consequently, geographical factors are viewed as the key determinants of human behavior, overshadowing aspects such as cultural traditions, religious beliefs, and economic systems, which are seen as secondary to the foundational role that the environment plays in shaping human experience.